Which energy reform change occurred around 2013-2014?

• A. It opened Pemex and electricity markets to private investment and competition.
• B. It nationalized the energy sector.
• C. It created Pemex as a private corporation.
• D. It merged Pemex with a private foreign company.

Answer: (A)

Opening Pemex and the electricity sector to private investment and competition is the change that happened around 2013–2014. This reform ended the long-standing state monopoly in oil and gas exploration and production by allowing private companies to bid for licenses and operate in partnership with the state, while also creating the regulatory framework and auctions that bring private players into the market. In the electricity side, private generation and competition were introduced while the state kept overall ownership and key infrastructure under public control. That shift contrasts with the other options, which describe nationalization, creating Pemex as a private company, or merging Pemex with a private foreign firm—all of which did not occur. The key idea is opening the sector to private investment and competition, not turning Pemex into a private entity or erasing state ownership.